By grade 12, students should be able to • Analyze data systematically, either to look for salient patterns or to test whether data are consistent with an initial hypothesis. • Recognize when data are in conflict with expectations and consider what revisions in the initial model are needed. • Use spreadsheets, databases, tables, charts, graphs, statistics, mathematics, and information and computer technology to collate, summarize, and display data and to explore relationships between variables, especially those representing input and output. • Evaluate the strength of a conclusion that can be inferred from any data set, using appropriate grade-level mathematical and statistical techniques. • Recognize patterns in data that suggest relationships worth investigating further. Distinguish between causal and correlational relationships. • Collect data from physical models and analyze the performance of a design under a range of conditions.